Pocket Dictionary of Church History

by
Nathan P. Feldmeth

L A R I D I A N

Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Copyrights and Permissions

Pocket Dictionary of Church History by Nathan P. Feldmeth. Copyright © 2008 by Nathan P. Feldmeth. Published by InterVarsity Press. All rights reserved. No part may be reproduced without written permission from InterVarsity Press, P.O. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA. www.ivpress.com

Scripture quotations, unless otherwise noted, are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Eductation of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Preface

"What's past is prologue."
—WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

SHAKESPEARE'S ENDURING WORDS IN THE EPIGRAPH above make an essential point about the importance of history. Trying to understand the present without knowing the past is like starting a play at the second act. In order to grasp the contemporary issues that face the church, we need a deep understanding of the Christian story. To find our way along the path of this history, we need a series of reference points.

This volume in the Pocket Dictionary series is designed to provide the interested reader and student of church history with essential facts about the key personalities, movements, books and ideas that shaped the history of Christianity. One problem in writing such a dictionary is determining what to include and what to omit within the constraints of the project. Every scholar's list will be unique and yet all would agree on certain central indispensable terms.

The entries, although brief, are written with enough detail and "texture" to pique interest in the subject and point the way to further study. Most terms are provided in English, but some key titles are listed in their original language.

In order to avoid needless repetition, a system of [underlined] cross-references has been provided to link articles that share common themes, names, etc.

Of special interest and value to the church history student is the chronological listing of personalities found at the end of the book. This century-by-century table is organized by birth date, providing the reader a quick and easy way to locate people within the flow of history.

A

Abelard, Peter (Pierre) (1079-1142)

Perhaps the most influential Scholastic theologian of his age, Abelard rose to fame as a teacher at the Cathedral School of Notre Dame in Paris. His lively classroom style attracted students from all over Europe to his lectures, but his career was dogged by theological controversy. His work Sic et Non (Yes and No) promoted the conviction that doubt was a valuable asset in doing theology. In this work, which had a profound impact upon Scholastic method, Abelard analyzed seeming contradictions in Scripture and the writings of the Fathers. Abelard's views on the Trinity and the atonement were especially scrutinized. His teaching career was damaged in 1118 when it was revealed that Abelard had had an affair with Heloise, the orphaned niece of his colleague Canon Fulbert. His wide-ranging interests and prodigious learning are reflected in the variety of his writings, which include treatises on ethics and dialectics; a gloss on Porphyry; a confession, The Story of My Misfortunes; a major commentary on Romans; and a major work on the Trinity.

Act Of Supremacy

This act of the English parliament in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII made the monarch, rather than the Roman pope, head of the Church of England. This caused a formal breach with the Roman Catholic Church. This act was repealed by Henry's daughter Mary in 1554 soon after she became queen, but it was restored by Mary's sister Elizabeth upon her ascension to the throne in 1558, and it is still in effect.

Acts Of Uniformity

These were laws passed by the English parliament regarding the proper practice of religion in the realm. The first two such acts were instituted during the reign of King Edward VI in 1549 and 1552, both in conjunction with the release of a new Book of Common Prayer . The idea behind these laws was to force conformity to a Protestant and Anglican practice of Christianity. When the Catholic Queen Mary Tudor ascended to the throne after Edward's death in July of 1553, she repealed the act of 1552. Mary's Protestant sister Elizabeth I published a revised Prayer Book in 1558 and with it a new Act of Uniformity designed to regulate religion in the kingdom according to her via media mandate. This law remained in force until 1640.

Ad Fontes

A favorite Latin motto of sixteenth-century humanists, ad fontes literally means "to the fountain" or "to the spring." The humanists sought to recover the best ideas and values of the classical world and introduce them in their own time, creating a new golden age in the era later historians would call the Renaissance. In like manner, Christian humanists returned to the Christian classics of the first five centuries in hopes of revitalizing the church of the Reformation era.

Adoptionism

In eighth-century Spain, the church wrestled with what would be called the "adoptionist controversy." The key question in this issue concerned the human nature of Christ, whether he was the Son of God in essence or merely by adoption. The adoptionist position was promoted chiefly in Spain by Felix, bishop of Urgel (d. 818). As to Christ's divinity, the adoptionists viewed the Logos as the true Son of God, the only begotten of the Father. As a man, however, Jesus of Nazareth was seen as the adopted Son of God, the firstborn of Mary. Emperor Charlemagne asked his renowned scholar Alcuin (c. 735-804) to respond to Felix, which he did in seven books entitled Contra Felicem. The orthodox position, as developed by Alcuin, was as follows: Jesus Christ is the one undivided and indivisible Son of God. The Virgin Mary gave birth to the eternal Son of God, and Christ is never called the "adopted Son of God" in Scripture. See also dynamic monarchianism ; Theodatus .

Adventism

See Miller, William; White, Ellen.

Aeon

See Gnosticism.

Albertus Magnus, St. (D. 1280)

One of the dominant figures of high Scholasticism, Albertus Magnus, or "the great Albert," made significant contributions as a scientist, philosopher, theologian and bishop. Born near Ulm in what is now southern Germany, Albert studied at the universities of Padua and Cologne before assuming the chair of Dominican theology at the University of Paris, where he mentored Thomas Aquinas , among many others. His magnum opus was the highly influential Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard (1249). Albertus's fascination with natural science was reflected in his work The Sum of All Creation (1246). He was consecrated bishop of Ratisbon in 1260.

Albigensians (Or Albigenses)

This is a general term used to designate a heretical band in southern France in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The Albigensians were a branch of the Cathari and were considered so dangerous that Pope innocent III called for a special crusade against them. A radical reforming sect, the Albigensians held to a quasi- Gnostic dualism in which all matter and flesh were deemed evil. This led to the rejection of the doctrine of purgatory , marriage, the doctrine of the resurrection of the body and the use of the sacraments.

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Hus, Jan (Huss, John) (C. 1372-1414)

A Bohemian reformer and chancellor of the University of Prague, Hus came under the influence of the writings of John Wyclif and began a translation of the Bible into Czech. This, along with his preaching, which questioned the legitimacy of papal authority and the selling of indulgences , led to a growing antipathy between Hus and Rome. Summoned to the Council of Constance , Hus was arrested, tried, condemned and burned at the stake in 1414. Many of his ideas about church reform were echoed by Martin Luther a century later.

Hutchinson, Anne (1591-1643)

An English immigrant to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634, Hutchinson's theological views and forthright criticism of John Wilson, Congregational minister of the Boston Church, led to her famous trial. Hutchinson held to the doctrine of the " inner light ," in which the Holy Spirit bears direct witness to the spirit of an individual Christian, resulting in short-term prophecy and illumination of the biblical text. She also disavowed infant baptism. Charged with antinomianism , Hutchinson was exiled along with her husband and children. The entire family was wiped out in an attack by Native Americans in New York.

Hutterites

The followers of Moravian Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter (d. 1536), the Hutterites are renowned for industry, communalism, the doctrine of divine vocation, and the sharing of goods and resources. Hutter taught that the love that God seeks to see engendered on earth cannot flourish in tandem with the accumulation of wealth and property by individuals. Severely persecuted in the late sixteenth century, the Hutterites experienced a resurgence in the nineteenth century and now number between forty and fifty thousand people, who reside mainly in the American Midwest and western Canada.

I

Icon

From the Greek word for "image," the technical meaning of icon in church history is a flat picture of any size depicting Christ, Mary or the saints and painted in a distinctive Byzantine style to promote worship and veneration. Icons were used widely by Christians in the medieval period and are particularly identified with the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Ignatius (c. 35-c. 107)

An influential apostolic father and bishop of Antioch, Ignatius was probably the second or third person to hold that office. He wrote seven letters that have been preserved, addressed to Christians living in Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, Rome, Philadelphia and Smyrna, as well as a personal epistle to a fellow bishop, Polycarp of Smyrna. Ignatius was devoted to Christ and longed to follow him in every way, including martyrdom. In his letter to the Romans, he extolled the virtues of martyrdom and considered it a special privilege to die for the faith. Concerned with the Gnostic heresy and especially docetism , Ignatius argued that Christ was both fully divine and completely human. He was a strong advocate for the authority of bishops, which he saw as essential for maintaining the unity of the church. Ten soldiers escorted Ignatius from Antioch to Rome, where he was martyred during the reign of Emperor Trajan . According to tradition, he died in the Coliseum.

Ignatius Of Loyola, St. (C. 1491-1556)

The founder of the Jesuits (the Society of Jesus), Ignatius of Loyola began a journey of discipleship after sustaining a grave wound to his leg in battle. While recovering, he experienced a profound change of heart and began to develop insights into the spiritual life while in retreat at Manresa. He then pursued theological studies and was ordained. His book Spiritual Exercises became the training manual for the new monastic order, founded in 1540, which was dedicated to the service of the pope. Organized along military lines, the first "general" of the Jesuits was Ignatius.

Immaculate Conception

This doctrine asserts that the Mary was kept free from any taint of original sin from the instant of her conception. Many Fathers in the early church, such as Justin Martyr and Irenaeus , saw Mary as the new Eve. It was argued that only a sinless vessel could give birth to a sinless savior. This view was never endorsed by the Orthodox church and was denied in the Western church by many Scholastic theologians, including Thomas Aquinas . Nevertheless, in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus of 1854, issued by Pope Pius IX, the immaculate conception of Mary became official dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. This view is not affirmed by most Protestant denominations.

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Young, Brigham (1801-1877)

Brigham Young served as the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormon Church. Young was baptized as a Methodist before joining the Mormons in 1832. He assumed leadership in organizing the Mormon departure from Missouri in 1839 and became a senior apostle soon thereafter. When Joseph Smith , the first president, was shot to death in 1844, Young became his successor and led the Mormons on the Great Migration to Salt Lake City, Utah. Young became the governor of the Utah Territory.

Z

Zinzendorf, Count Nikolaus Ludwig Graf Von (1700-1760)

A German pietist and founder of the Moravian Brethren, Zinzendorf is famous for establishing the evangelical colony Herrnhut on his estate in Germany as well as other colonies in Europe and North America.

Zwingli, Ulrich (Or Huldreich) (1484-1531)

The chief reformer of German-speaking Switzerland in the 1520s, Zwingli, after serving as a parish priest, was called to the Gross Münster Church in Zurich in 1518. Having embraced Christian humanism and especially the teaching of Erasmus in his university days, Zwingli's preaching began to resemble Luther 's themes as he attacked monastic abuses, prayers to saints and the doctrine of purgatory . In 1522 he directly challenged papal authority and openly declared himself a reformer with his Sixty-Seven Theses. Having won over the town council in open debate, Zwingli abolished the Mass in 1524 and removed all images from the Münster the following year. He met with Luther at the contentious Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli's career was cut short by a violent death at the Battle of Kappel in October of 1531.

Chronology

Plato (427-347 B.C.)

Allegory of the Cave (4th cent. B.C.)

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Stoicism (c. 300 B.C.)

Epicureanism

Apocrypha

1st Century A.D.

Docetism

Ignatius (c. 35-c. 107)

Nero, Claudius, Roman emperor (37-68)

Domitian, Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (51-96)

Trajan, Roman emperor (c. 53-117; r. 98-117)

Papias (c. 60-c. 130)

Polycarp (c. 69-c. 155)

Ante-Nicene

Apostolic. Fathers (90-160)

Justin Martyr (c. 100-c. 165)

Clement of Rome (late 1st cent.)

Ebionitism (1st-2nd cent.)

2nd Century

Anchorite

Asceticism

Didache

Gnosticism

Irenaeus (c. 130-200)

Montanus (2nd cent.)

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-c. 215)

Marcion (d. 160)

Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens (c. 160-c. 225)

Apologists

Aristides (2nd cent.)

Origen (c. 185-c. 254)

Dynamic monarchianism

Athenagoras (2nd cent.)

Muratorian Canon (late 2nd cent.)

Theophilus (late 2nd cent.)

3rd Century

Alexandrian School

Allegorical interpretation

Ransom to Satan Theory of Atonement

Canon of Holy Scripture

Diocletian, Roman Emperor (245-313)

Decius, Roman emperor (d. 251)

Hexapla by Origen

Anthony (c. 251-356)

Helena, St. (c. 255-c. 330)

Cyprian (d. 258)

Novatianism

Eusebius of Caesaria (c. 260-c. 340)

Pachomius (c. 292-c. 346)

Athanasius (c. 296-373)

4th Century

On Christian Doctrine (early 4th cent.) by Augustine of Hippo

Edict of Milan (313)

Cyril of Jerusalem, St. (c. 315-387)

Council of Nicaea (325)

Marcella (c. 325-411)

Cappadocian Fathers

Gregory Nazianzus (329-390)

Basil of Caesaria (c. 330-379)

Gregory of Nyssa (330-c. 395)

Julian "the Apostate," emperor of Rome (331-363)

Monica, St. (c. 331-387)

Constantine I, Roman emperor (d. 337)

Nestorianism

Donation of Constantine

Arianism

Canon Law

Apollinarianism

Cenobite monasticism

Ambrose of Milan (c. 339-397)

Donatism

Paula (347-404)

Chrysostom, John, St. (c. 347-407)

Jerome (c. 348-c. 420)

Augustine, Aurelius, of Hippo (354-430)

Ninian (c. 360-432), missionary to Scotland

Cassian, John (c. 360-430)

Eutyches (c. 378-454)

Council of Constantinople (381)

Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Patrick of Ireland (c. 389-c. 461)

Simon the Stylite (c. 390-459)

Pelagius (d. c. 419)

5th Century

Latin Vulgate Bible completed

The City of God by Augustine of Hippo (416-422)

Council of Ephesus (431)

Cyril of Alexandria, St. (d. 444)

Council of Chalcedon (451)

Monophysites

Antiochene School

Celtic church

Scholastica, St. (c. 480-c. 543)

Benedict of Nursia, St. (c. 480-c. 550)

6th Century

Columba (Colum Cille), St. (c. 521-597)

Council of Orange (529)

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Filioque clause

Muhammad (c. 570-632)

7th Century

Monothelitism

Islam emerges

Augustine of Canterbury (d. c. 604-609)

Columbanus, St. (d. 615)

Synod of Whitby (663-664)

Bede (c. 673-735)

Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation

Boniface of Germany, St. (c. 675-754)

John of Damascus (675-c. 749)

Caedmon (d. c. 680)

Charles Martel (c. 690-741)

8th Century

Battle of Tours

Alcuin (c. 740-804)

Charlemagne (c. 742-814)

Adoptionists (780s)

Radbert or Paschasius Radbertus (c. 790-c. 860)

9th Century

Gottschalk (c. 804-c. 869)

Erigena (Eriugena), John Scotus (c. 810-c. 877)

Ratram or Ratramnus (d. c. 868)

Eucharistic. Controversy

10th Century

Cluny monastery founded (909)

Cardinal, church office of, established

11th century

Pope Gregory VII (1033-1085; r. 1073-1085)

Anselm of Canterbury(c. 1033-1109)

Cathedrals

Schism of 1054

Investiture Controversy (1075-1122)

Abelard, Peter (1079-1143)

Bernard of Clairvaux, St. (1090-1153)

Crusades, Great (11th cent.-13th cent.)

Cistercians founded

Cathars

12th Century

Peter Lombard (c. 1100-1160)

Knights Templar (founded 1119)

Becket, Thomas à (c. 1120-1170)

Averroes (1126-1198)

Carmelites

Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)

Waldensians

Albigensians

Innocent III, Pope (r. 1198-1216)

13th Century

Lateran Council (1215)

Bonaventure, St. (1217-1274)

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274)

Boniface VIII, Pope (c. 1234-1303)

Beguines

Eckhart, Meister (c. 1260-c. 1328)

Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)

John Dun Scotus (c. 1266-1308)

Albertus Magnus (d. 1280)

14th Century

William of Ockham (c. 1300-1349)

Babylonian captivity of the church (1309-1377)

Wyclif or (Wycliffe), John (c. 1330-1384)

Devotio Moderna

Catherine of Siena, St. (1347-1380)

Lollards

Brethren of the Common Life

Hus, Jan (Huss, John) (c. 1372-1414)

Great Schism (1378-1417)

Thomas à Kempis (c. 1380-1471)

Gutenberg, Johannes (c. 1396-1468)

15th Century

Nicholas of Cusa (c. 1400-1464)

Valla, Lorenzo (c. 1406-1457)

Council of Pisa (1409)

Council of Constance (1414-1418)

Biel, Gabriel (1420-1495)

Ficino, Marcilio (1433-1499)

Ximenes, Francisco (1436-1517)

Christian humanism

Printing with movable type (1450s)

Savonarola (1452-1498)

Reuchlin, Johannes (1455-1522)

Ad fontes (1460s)

Le Fevre d'Etaples, Jacques (1455-1536)

Staupitz, Johann von (1460-1524)

Colet, John (c. 1466-1519)

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

Wolsey, Thomas "Cardinal" (c. 1472-1530)

Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)

More, Thomas (1478-1535)

Hubmaier, Balthasar (1480-1528)

Oecolampadius, Johannes (Hussgen) (1482-1531)

Luther, Martin (1483-1546)

Zwingli, Ulrich (1484-1531)

Cromwell, Thomas (c. 1485-1540)

Latimer, Hugh (1485-1555)

Malleus Maleficarum (1486)

Eck, Johann (1486-1543)

Ochino, Bernardino (1487-1564)

Coverdale, Mies (1487-1569)

Cranmer, Thomas (1489-1556)

Farel, Guillaume (1489-1565)

Ignatius of Loyola, St. (1491-1556)

Bucer or (Butzer), Martin (1491-1551)

Henry VIII, king of England (1491-1547)

Tyndale, William (1494-1536)

Simons, Menno (c. 1496-1561)

Gardiner, Stephen (c. 1497-1555)

Oratory of Divine Love (founded 1497)

Grebel, Conrad (c. 1498-1526)

Katharina von Bora (1499-1552)

16th century

Emperor Charles V (1500-1558)

Bullinger, Heinrich (1504-1574)

Hamilton, Patrick (c. 1504-1528)

Francis Xavier, St. (1506-1562)

General Baptists

Calvin, John (1509-1564)

Seymour, Jane (1509-1537)

John of Leyden (1510-1536)

Knox, John (c. 1513-1572)

Capuchin Order

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

Novum Testamentum (1516), first printed Greek New Testament

Foxe, John (1516-1587)

Mary I, or Queen Mary Tudor (1516-1558)

Beza, Theodore (1519-1605)

Diet of Worms (1521)

German Peasants Revolt (1524-1525)

Calvin's Institutes

2nd Diet of Speyer (1529)

Marburg Colloquy (1529)

Consubstantiation

Anabaptist

Believers' Baptism

Augsburg Confession (1530)

Münsterites (1530's)

Mennonites founded

Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1533 -1603)

Index of Prohibited Books

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Hutter, Jabob (d. 1536)

Schmalkaldic. Articles (1537)

Edward VI, King of England (1537-1553)

Six Articles, England (1539)

Jesuits founded

The Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius Loyola (1541)

Catholic. Reformation

Huguenots founded in France (1546)

Council of Trent (1546-1563)

Antinomianism

Book of Common Prayer

Helwys, Thomas (c. 1550-c. 1610)

Hooker, Richard (1553-1600)

Acts of Uniformity (1560's)

Heidelberg Confession (1562)

Tridentine Profession of Faith (1563)

Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England (1563)

Puritan origins in England

Socinianism

Marian exiles leave England under Mary I

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

James I, king of England (1566-1625)

Arminianism

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (August 23-24, 1572)

Laud, William (1573-1645)

Ames, William (1576-1633)

Formula of Concord (1577)

Williams, Roger (c. 1582-1650)

Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645)

Hooker, Thomas (1586-1647)

Hutchinson, Anne (1591-1543)

Chauncy, Charles (c. 1592-1672)

Edict of Nantes (1598)

17th Century

Charles I, king of England (1600-1649)

Dunster, Henry (1609-1659)

Baxter, Richard (1615-1691)

Synod of Dort (1618-19)

Pilgrims leave for New England

Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)

Fox, George (1624-1691)

Quakers or The Society of Friends

Bunyan, John (1628-1688)

Covenant theology

Covenanters

Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635-1705)

Harvard College founded (1636)

Mather, Increase (1639-1723)

Bay Psalm Book (first published in 1640)

Stoddard, Solomon (1643-1729)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Westminster Confession (1648)

Cambridge Platform (1649)

Half-Way Covenant

Quietist origins in France

Franke, August H. (1663-1727)

Mather, Cotton (1663-1728)

Tennent, William (1673-1745)

Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan (1678)

Frelinghuysen, Theodore (1691-c. 1748)

Reimarus, Hermann S. (1694-1768)

The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)

18th Century

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG)

Zinzendorf, Count Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von (1700-1760)

Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758)

Tennent, Gilbert (1703-1764)

Wesley, John (1703-1791)

Chauncy, Charles (1705-1787)

Stearns, Shubal (1706-1771)

Muhlenberg, Henry (1711-1787)

Serra, Junipero (1713-1784)

Whitefield, George (1714-1770)

Brainerd, David (1718-1747)

Hopkins, Samuel (1721-1803)

Davies, Samuel (1723-1761)

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)

Log College (founded c. 1726)

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)

Jarratt, Devereux (1733-1801)

Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)

Asbury, Francis (1745-1816)

Dwight, Timothy (1752-1817)

Deism

McGready, James (c. 1758-1817)

Allen, Richard (1760-1831)

Carey, William (1761-1834)

Alexander, Archibald (1772-1851)

Hobart, John Henry (1775-1830)

Beecher, Lyman (1775-1863)

Channing, W. E. (1780-1842)

Miller, William (1782-1849)

Free Methodist Church

Judson, Adoniram (1788-1850)

Campbell, Alexander (1788-1866)

Finney, Charles G. (1792-1875)

Hodge, Charles (1797-1878)

19th Century

Turner, Nat (1800-1831)

Darby, John Nelson (1800-1882)

Cane Ridge Revival (1801)

Young, Brigham (1801-1877)

Newman, John Henry (1801-1890)

Oxford Movement (Tractarian Movement)

Camp meeting

Falling exercises

Bushnell, Horace (1802-1876)

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)

Smith, Joseph (1805-1844).

Haystack Prayer Meeting (1806)

Palmer, Phoebe W. (1807-1874)

Darwin, Charles (1809-1882).

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (founded 1810)

McCosh, James (1811-1894)

Kierkegaard, Søren (1813-1855)

Hodge, Archibald Alexander, (1820-1886)

White, Ellen (1827-1915)

Circuit rider

Booth, William (1829-1912)

Plymouth Brethren founded

Mormons formed

Anglo-Catholic

Oberlin College (founded 1833)

Kuyper, Abraham (1837-1920)

Moody, Dwight L. (1837-1899)

Briggs, Charles A. (1841-1913)

Wellhausen, Julius (1844-1918)

Dispensationalism

Anxious bench or mourner's bench

Warfield, Benjamin B. (1851-1921)

Russell, Charles T. (1852-1916)

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)

On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859)

Rauschenbusch, Walter (1861-1918)

Salvation Army established (1865)

Seymour, William J. (1870-1922)

The Descent of Man by Charles Darwin (1871)

Parham, Charles F. (1873-1929)

Coffin, Henry Sloane (1877-1954)

Biblical criticism

Formgeschichte (Form history)

Niagara Conferences (1883-1897)

Bultmann, Rudolf (1884-1976)

Jehovah's Witnesses founded

Fosdick, Harry Emerson (1878-1969)

Machen, J. Gresham (1881-1937)

Christian Science

Barth, Karl (1886-1968)

Fuller, Charles E. (1887-1969)

Brunner, Emil (1889-1966)

McPherson, Aimee Semple (1890-1944)

Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892-1971)

Niebuhr, Richard (1894-1962)

Fundamentalism

20th Century

Charismatic movement

Bethel Bible College

Du Plessis, David (1905-1987)

Azusa Street Mission Revival (1906)

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906-1945)

The Fundamentals (1910-1915)

Henry, Carl F. (1913-2003)

Assemblies of God (1914)

Graham, William Franklin "Billy" (1918- )

Scopes Trial (1925)

The Future of An Illusion by Sigmund Freud (1927)

King, Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

Scientific humanism

Humanist Manifesto (1933)

Confessing Church, Germany

Barman Declaration (1934)

Orthodox Presbyterian Church (founded 1936)

Neo-Evangelicalism (mid-20th cent.)

Vatican II (1962-1965)

Liberation theology (1968)